Battle of the Java Sea

Battle of the Java Sea
Part of World War II, Pacific War
Admiral Karel Doorman's fleet departing Surabaya for the battle, 27 February 1942
Date 27 February 1942 Location Java Sea, Dutch East Indies Result Japanese victory
Belligerents
Netherlands United States United Kingdom Australia	Japan
Commanders and leaders
Karel Doorman † Conrad Helfrich	Takeo Takagi
Strength
2 heavy cruisers 3 light cruisers 9 destroyers	2 heavy cruisers 2 light cruisers 14 destroyers 10 transports
Casualties and losses
2 light cruisers sunk 3 destroyers sunk 2 heavy cruisers damaged (one badly) 2,300 sailors killed	3 destroyers damaged 1 transport damaged by air raid 36 sailors killed

The Battle of the Java Sea (Indonesian: Pertempuran Laut Jawa, Japanese: スラバヤ沖海戦, romanized: Surabaya oki kaisen, lit. 'Surabaya open-sea battle') was a decisive naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II.

Allied navies suffered a disastrous defeat at the hand of the Imperial Japanese Navy on 27 February 1942 and in secondary actions over successive days, starting when the main ABDA fleet strike force of 2 heavy cruisers, 3 light cruisers, and 9 destroyers, led by ABDA fleet's main commander, Admiral Karel Doorman, attempted to intercept a Japanese troop convoy in the Java Sea, only to be intercepted by the convoy's better equipped escort force. The battle started off as a stalemate, but the heavy cruiser Haguro changed the course of the battle when she crippled the heavy cruiser HMS Exeter with gunfire, then torpedoed and sank the Dutch destroyer Kortenaer, sending Doorman's fleet into a chaotic frenzy. A gunfight between allied and Japanese destroyers then resulted in the sinking of HMS Electra, before Doorman's force made a false retreat, ending the daylight engagement.

However, under the cover of night, Admiral Doorman's ships attempted another attack, during which the destroyer HMS Jupiter accidentally hit a Dutch mine and sank, but the Japanese immediately caught on to their plan, prompting the Haguro and her sistership Nachi to ambush the allied fleet with a stealthy long range torpedo attack. One of Nachi's torpedoes hit the Dutch light cruiser Java, which was instantly blown apart and sank with almost all hands. One of Haguro's torpedoes then hit the allied flagship, the Dutch light cruiser De Ruyter, which sank to progressive flooding over several hours, killing Admiral Doorman.

The aftermath of the battle included several smaller actions around Java, including the smaller but also significant Battle of Sunda Strait, which saw the sinking of the heavy cruiser USS Houston, the light cruiser HMAS Perth, and the destroyer HNLMS Evertsen, and the second battle of the Java Sea, where the still crippled Exeter and her escorting destroyers were sunk by a Japanese cruiser destroyer squadron, including Haguro. These defeats led to the dissolution of the ABDA fleet as a whole, the scuttling of the Dutch navy, and the Japanese occupation of the entire Dutch East Indies.

Background

The Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies progressed at a rapid pace as the Japanese advanced from their Palau Islands colony and captured bases in Sarawak and the southern Philippines. They seized bases in eastern Borneo and in northern Celebes while troop convoys, screened by destroyers and cruisers with air support provided by swarms of fighters operating from captured bases, steamed southward through the Makassar Strait and into the Molucca Sea. Opposing the invading forces was a small force consisting of Dutch, American, British and Australian warships, many of them of World War I vintage, initially under the command of American Admiral Thomas C. Hart.

On 23 January 1942 a force of four American destroyers attacked a Japanese invasion convoy in Makassar Strait as it approached Balikpapan in Borneo. On 13 February the Japanese captured the major port of Palembang in eastern Sumatra. On the night of 19/20 February, an Allied force attacked the Japanese eastern invasion force off Bali in the Battle of Badung Strait. Also on 19 February, the Japanese made two air raids on Darwin, on the Australian mainland, one from carrier-based planes and the other by land-based planes, rendering Darwin useless as a supply and naval base to support operations in the East Indies.

Battle

HNLMS De Ruyter at anchor in the bay at Oosthaven shortly before the battle, Admiral Doorman's flagship

The heavy cruiser Nachi, Admiral Takagi's flagship

Prelude

Japanese amphibious forces gathered to strike at Java, and on 27 February 1942 the main Allied naval force, under Rear Admiral Karel Doorman, sailed northeast from Surabaya to intercept a convoy of the Japanese eastern invasion force approaching from the Makassar Strait. The Allied eastern strike force consisted of two heavy cruisers (HMS Exeter and USS Houston), three light cruisers (Doorman's flagship HNLMS De Ruyter, HNLMS Java, HMAS Perth), and nine destroyers (HMS Electra, HMS Encounter, HMS Jupiter, HNLMS Kortenaer, HNLMS Witte de With, USS Alden, USS John D. Edwards, USS John D. Ford, and USS Paul Jones). On paper, this seemed a formidable force, but its combat effectiveness was questionable. Belonging to several different navies, the ships had practically no experience in each other's naval doctrine and fighting styles, and most crucially there was a language barrier between the Dutch speaking Karel Doorman and the English-speaking US, UK, and Australian ships, hindering communications.

Upon departure, the Allied force was immediately spotted by a Japanese floatplane launched from the convoy's main protection force, commanded by Rear Admiral Takeo Takagi. The main Japanese group consisted of the heavy cruisers Haguro and Nachi (the latter, Takagi's flagship, having launched the floatplane), and the destroyers Kawakaze, Yamakaze, Ushio, and Sazanami. This was supported by second group led by Rear Admiral Shoji Nishimura, consisting of the light cruisers Naka and Jintsū and the destroyers Yūdachi, Samidare, Murasame, Harusame, Minegumo, and Asagumo. Upon learning of the opposing force's movements from Nachi, both groups sailed aside each other at 30 knots to intercept the opposing force. The Japanese heavy cruisers, with ten 8-inch (203 mm) guns each and superb torpedoes. By comparison, Exeter was armed only with six 8-inch guns, and only six of Houston's nine 8-inch guns remained operable after her aft turret had been knocked out in an earlier air attack. While underway, Nishimura's group was joined by the nearby destroyers Yukikaze, Amatsukaze, Hatsukaze, and Tokitsukaze, before being attacked by land based Dutch aircraft and B-17 bombers, but avoided damage due to the planes' poor marksmanship. Captain Tameichi Hara aboard Amatsukaze noted that the planes attacked the Japanese warships, confirming their goal was to mow through the protection force before attacking the convoy and believing it to have been a mistake by the planes to have not attacked the troopships.

The next day, Doorman's force was tracked by Nachi's floatplane while the Japanese fleet rigorously practiced in preparation for the coming engagement. Updates from Nachi's floatplane worried the Japanese, as Doorman's ships were in a position to pounce on the vulnerable transport ships, but Doorman ordered his fleet to turn South to refuel at Surabaya. However, upon receiving reports of the Japanese fleet, Doorman immediately turned his ships back to attack the enemy. These actions, perhaps somewhat misunderstood, came as a relief to Admiral Takagi, who Captain Hara recalled saying "The enemy ships were staying clear of our air raids on Surabaya, the enemy is in no shape to fight us." He ordered the convoy to turn around and the escort ships to form up into a fighting formation.

Afternoon battle

At 15:48 on 27 February 1942, Amatsukaze's chief spotter Shigeru Iwata located Doorman's fleet at 31,600 yards. Captain Hara watched through his binoculars, clearly recognizing De Ruyter's masts as the fleet quickly became visible to the other ships. Admiral Doorman aboard De Ruyter in turn located the enemy force, with a brief scare due to a mistaken claim of battleships in the enemy formation, which was quickly corrected. Still, the allies could not make out any targets besides Haguro and Nachi because of the inferiority of their optical systems to those of the Japanese, because only one of Doorman's ships, the Exeter, carried any form of radar, and because of the language barrier on the Allied side. Still, Doorman ordered his ships to turn west, hoping to prevent the Japanese fleet from crossing his T. With both fleets thereafter sailing in a parallel course, Haguro and Nachi, which were training behind the other ships, could catch up to Nishimura's group.

HMS Exeter anchored off Sumatra in preparation for the battle

By 16:00, spotters on the Electra noticed Jintsū, leading Yukikaze, Amatsukaze, Hatsukaze, Tokitsukaze, at 16,000 yards, and her 4.7-inch (12 cm) guns fired the first shots of the battle, closely followed by all the cruisers and several destroyers. Every ship aimed their guns at Jintsū, straddling her several times, but not a single shell made its mark. The Naka and her group of destroyers returned fire at 24,000 yards, and their shells, too, all missed their mark. Both sides rapidly closed the distance and, frustrated by the ineffective gunfire, Nishimura ordered Naka and his destroyers to fire torpedoes at 15,000 yards, letting out 43 torpedoes. A few exploded after running a few thousand yards, while the rest all missed their target. Nishimura's hastiness to engage at long range was later criticized by the Japanese admiralty due to the sheer amount of ammunition the Japanese wasted with few hits in the initial stages of the battle. Recognizing this flaw, Takagi ordered all ships to close the range and charge the enemy as he watched his heavy cruisers blast away at long range.

First hits are scored

Exeter, Houston, and Perth all fired on Haguro and initially claimed to have blown up and sunk her. In fact, Haguro was untouched, as she and Nachi scored the first hits of the battle. Haguro focused her gunfire on De Ruyter, striking her with an 8-inch (203 mm) shell that blasted apart her auxiliary motor room, starting a fire that killed one crewman and injured six others. A second 8-inch (203 mm) shell from Haguro punched through De Ruyter's unarmored portions without exploding. Meanwhile, Admiral Takagi's flagship focused her fire on Houston, which Nachi succeeded in hitting with two 8-inch (203 mm) shells, one punching through her bow and the other holing her stern, which managed to rupture an oil tank. Even when their shells didn't directly hit, near-miss and straddle damage still took a toll, Nachi's shells landing as little as 3 yards from Houston.

A cluster of Japanese destroyers, Yukikaze, Tokitsukaze, Amatsukaze, Hatsukaze, Yamakaze, Kawakaze, and Ushio closed the range by Takagi's order, in the hope of enabling more accurate torpedoing. Electra switched fire to the cluster as 5.9-inch (15 cm) shells from De Ruyter continued to rain on the column. One of Electra's 4.7-inch (12 cm) shells hit Tokitsukaze, causing thick white smoke to burst out of the ship, blinding Amatsukaze behind her. A near miss from De Ruyter then lightly damaged Amatsukaze's hull and dashed water on her bridge. However, neither destroyer was critically damaged. In turn, the destroyers engaged in a gunfight with De Ruyter, although no shells hit their mark. Yukikaze and Tokitsukaze first let out 16 torpedoes at 6,000 yards, followed closely by Amatsukaze, then the four other destroyers behind her. A total of 56 torpedoes were aimed at the enemy, yet not a single hit was made.

Haguro changes the course of the battle

Though the torpedoes did not hit, they prompted the allied fleet to maneuver, enabling Haguro to switch fire from De Ruyter to the Exeter, with Exeter responding back. Engaging each other at 22,000 yards, Exeter's gunnery was poor, managing only a straddle by the 8th salvo. Haguro proved more effective, scoring her first 8-inch (203 mm) shell hit, which did not explode. Another salvo from Haguro registered a devastating hit on Exeter. One of Haguro's 8-inch (203 mm) shells gouged into Exeter's engine. It exploded and destroyed six of Exeter's eight boilers, killing 40 men as Exeter's speed dropped to 5 knots. Doorman's fleet then maneuvered chaotically, as, when Exeter began to retreat, Houston, Perth, and Java all followed her, assuming they had missed a command form Doorman, leaving De Ruyter charging alone at the enemy fleet before joining the other cruisers. Simultaneously, Haguro fired a spread of 8 torpedoes and continued to engage. The British destroyers Jupiter, Encounter, and Electra came to assist the crippled Exeter as Doorman's cruisers began to turn away, laying a smokescreen in an attempt to hide the disorganized formation.

Up to this point, the battle of the Java Sea had been something of a stalemate, with both sides missing their shots due to extreme range. Even when shells did hit, such as Haguro's and Nachi's hits to De Ruyter and Houston or Electa's hit on Tokitsukaze, no significant damage was inflicted as the damaged ships were able to fight on. Haguro's hit on Exeter disorganized Doorman's fleet. In an ironic twist, the only Japanese torpedo to make its mark during the course of the afternoon battle was one of Haguro's launched at extreme range and hitting home 15 minutes after firing, striking the Dutch destroyer Kortenaer. Within moments of the hit, the destroyer broke apart and sank with the loss of 66 men. Launched at a distance of 22,000 yards, this hit by Haguro was probably the longest-range torpedo hit in naval history.

Destroyer on destroyer action

The American destroyers Alden, John C Edwards, John C Ford, and Paul Jones fired their torpedoes at Haguro and Nachi, but none made their mark. Simultaneously, the British destroyers attempting to cover the crippled Exeter were engaged by the Japanese destroyers Asagumo and Minegumo. Minegumo stayed at a longer range and took part in a 1v2 against Jupiter and Encounter, lightly damaging them with near misses, but failed to score any direct hits. Asagumo and Electra, by contrast, engaged each other at point blank range. Asagumo took several 4.7-inch (12 cm) shells, temporarily leaving her dead in the water, killing five sailors and injuring 16 others. Asagumo, however, inflicted more damage than she received, a hail of 5-inch (127 mm) gunfire destroying Electra's A and X turrets, engine room, communications, and electrical power, and setting Electra on fire. Electra desperately let out a spread of eight torpedoes at her opponent, but none hit, and in response Minegumo switched fire from the other destroyers and joined Asagumo in pounding the already crippled Electra. Western sources sometimes credit Jintsū with assisting Asagumo, but Japanese records do not support this. Electra's remaining guns were destroyed, flooding overwhelmed damage control, and fires burned out of control under Asagumo's and Minegumo's bombardment. Electra's crew finally abandoned ship and left her to sink. Encounter and Jupiter had been repelled by Minegumo's gunfire and retreated to assist Exeter.

Allied retreat

After almost two hours of fighting, Doorman's ships had not even come close to attacking the Japanese troop convoy. One of his cruisers was crippled, two more were damaged, and he suffered two destroyers sunk, while his ships, with their poor gunnery, had managed only to moderately damage one destroyer and lightly damage two others. Doorman decided to cut his losses and retreat back to Surabaya. He still wanted to attack the convoy, but recognized that he simply could not under the current conditions. The limping Exeter broke off from the force, taking Encounter and Witte De With to escort her. While underway, they passed through the former battleground and rescued survivors from Kortenaer and Electra. The rest of the force headed in the direction of their home port, leading Takagi to believe the Allied ships had retreated to port. However, after nightfall, Doorman's ships changed direction and steamed back toward the convoy.

Loss of all allied destroyers

HMS Jupiter underway in August of 1940

However, the plan immediately began to backfire. The four American destroyers were dangerously low on fuel. They had completely expended their torpedoes and were limited to gun armament. The American destroyers accordingly detached from Doorman's fleet to retire for Surabaya. Doorman still decided to absorb the losses and continued to charge on. However, at 21:25, Doorman's lone remaining destroyer, the Jupiter, hit a mine and sank with the loss of 84 men. The mine that sank Jupiter is generally thought to have been not Japanese, but Dutch, lain by the Dutch minelayer Gouden Leeuw. With Jupiter's sinking, Doorman had not a single destroyer in his force, leaving him only his remaining heavy cruiser Houston and light cruisers De Ruyter, Java, and Perth. But Doorman charged on, still hoping for victory.

Night ambush

Unknown to Doorman, Haguro's floatplane had been tracking his force the entire time. Takagi believed he had secured a victory as his ships made post-battle reformations. Asagumo's crew conducted temporary repairs following her gunfight with Electra, getting the engine back up and running as she regained speed, retiring from the engagement and taking Minegumo to escort her. Haguro and Nachi stopped in the water to recover their floatplanes, which had been catapulted shortly before the battle, but while this was being conducted, one of Haguro's floatplanes still in the air noticed Doorman's fleet turning back, much to Takagi's shock.

Nachi anchored off Ōminato on 13 November 1943

Haguro and Nachi instantly picked up speed and raced to engage the enemy yet again. Haguro's floatplane this time tracked Doorman's every movement, which were now far more predictable than earlier in the battle. It was just before midnight that the Japanese optical systems picked up the enemy force at long range. Steaming at maximum speed, Haguro and Nachi closed to 16,000 yards. Low on ammunition for their main guns, they instead opted for a stealthy torpedo attack, in which Nachi unleashed eight torpedoes, and Haguro four.

At 23:32, De Ruyter rapidly turned to evade Nachi's torpedoes, evading damage, but one of Nachi's torpedoes continued on and gouged into the Java's stern. The torpedo ignited the magazines to Java's 5.9-inch (15 cm) main battery, and a massive explosion blew the cruiser apart in an instant. In under two minutes, Java sank, with only 19 of her crew of 526 surviving.

Haguro under refit in 1936.

Four minutes later, one of Haguro's torpedoes hit Admiral Doorman's flagship. All power was destroyed as the De Ruyter stopped dead in the water with significant flooding, and a massive fire broke out and enveloped the cruiser. Haguro's torpedo hit killed much of De Ruyter's damage control crew, and the loss of all power disabled much of De Ruyter's damage control equipment, meaning the massive fire could spread throughout the ship. Simultaneously, flooding slowly overwhelmed damage control and De Ruyter increasingly listed. Over a period of three hours, fires and flooding overwhelmed De Ruyter as she capsized and sank with the loss of 367 men. Admiral Doorman and Captain Eugène Lacomblé were among the dead.

Shouts of "Banzai" could be heard from Haguro and Nachi's decks as crew members leaped for joy and hugged each other in excitement. Admiral Takagi chose not to attack with gunfire afterwards, knowing Java and De Ruyter were already fatally damaged. The pair steamed out of the area to reinforce the invasion convoy. Depending on the source, they were either undetected, or were spotted but untouched by ineffective gunfire. With Doorman dead, Houston and Perth abandoned the mission and retreated. Meanwhile, as the US destroyers evacuated the battlefield they ran into Amatsukaze and Hatsukaze. Both sides exchanged fire, but no hits were scored and the US destroyers continued on their path while Amatsukaze and Hatsukaze regrouped with the fleet.

With almost all of their ships sunk or damaged, the remaining allied warships halted all offensive actions and attempted to flee the vicinity, leaving the Dutch East Indies to the invaders. The Japanese convoys continued to Surabaya unmolested, aside from an air raid that damaged a single troopship. All the Allies had accomplished was that the troops on Java received a one-day respite, which ultimately changed nothing. Perth and Houston proceeded to Tanjung Priok, arriving later that day. However, oil shortages meant they could be only half fueled, and they received no new ammunition.

In the first battle of the Java Sea, not a single Japanese ship was sunk, and besides Electra, not a single allied ship even managed to hit a Japanese ship.

Aftermath

After their victory, the Japanese fleet while returning to the invasion convoy stumbled upon the Dutch hospital ship SS Op Ten Noort as she was sailed to the battle scene to rescue survivors. Op Ten Noort was halted by Murasame and Amatsukaze. Captain Hara aboard Amatsukaze peeked through his binoculars and watched Captain G. Tuizinga walk on deck after the Japanese yelled a message to the ship in English. Upon inspection, there were no patients on the ship, only crew and staff, and in response Amatsukaze was ordered to escort Op Ten Noort to Singapore, where she would be converted into a prison ship. While underway, Amatsukaze and Hatsukaze crippled the Dutch submarine K-10, forcing her scuttling a day later.

While traversing the Java Sea, Witte De With was damaged by land based Japanese aircraft and forced to retire for Surabaya. She was replaced by the destroyer USS Pope in escorting the crippled Exeter to safety.

Battle of Sunda Strait

Main article: Battle of Sunda Strait

Perth and Houston were at Tanjung Priok on 28 February when they received orders to sail through Sunda Strait to Tjilatjap. Materiel was running short in Java, and neither was able to rearm or fully refuel. Departing at 19:00 on 28 February for the Sunda Strait, by chance they encountered the main Japanese invasion fleet for West Java in Bantam Bay and were engaged by the groups escorting destroyers. The initial torpedo spreads fired from the Fubuki, Shirayuki, Hatsuyuki, and Asakaze all missed, and in turn Perth hit Shirayuki with a 6-inch (152 mm) shell to her bridge. However, the arrival of the convoy's other escorts, the heavy cruisers Mogami and Mikuma, the light cruiser Natori, and the destroyers Murakumo, Shirakumo, and Shikinami quickly changed the tide of battle.

Mogami and Mikuma blasted Houston, crippling her with 30 shell hits and two torpedo hits, through in turn Mikuma was hit by 8-inch (203 mm) shells that temporally disabled electrical power. Simultaneously, Perth became the focus of the escorting destroyers and dueled the Harukaze which she damaged with three dud 6-inch (152 mm) shell hits, but not before Harukaze hit Perth with a torpedo that destroyed her forward engine room, followed two minutes later by another torpedo from the Murakumo that flooded her bow, then two more torpedoes from Shirakumo which finished her off; the crew quickly abandoned ship and left Perth to sink over 20 minutes. Meanwhile, the crippled Houston was pounced by the Shikinami, which hit the cruiser with a final torpedo that resulted in the abandon ship order being issued, leaving Houston to disappear beneath the waves.

During the action, a spread of torpedoes from Mogami that missed the allied cruisers accidentally hit and sank a Japanese minesweeper and four troop transport; more damage to Japanese forces that any of the allied ships managed to inflict. Three of the transports were later raised and repaired.

The Dutch destroyer HNLMS Evertsen had been scheduled to depart Tanjung Priok with the cruisers, but was delayed, and she followed them about two hours later. Her crew sighted the gunfire of the main action, and her captain managed to evade the Japanese main force. However, Evertsen was then engaged by the Murakumo and Shirakumo, still thirsty for blood after helping to sink Perth, in the Strait. On fire and in a sinking condition after at least seven 5-inch (127 mm) shell hits, Evertsen grounded herself on a reef near Sebuku Island. The surviving crew abandoned ship just as the aft magazine exploded and the destroyer fully sank.

Second Battle of the Java Sea

Main article: Second Battle of the Java Sea

The Exeter, still crippled from Haguro's shell hit, was continuing for safety in Ceylon, and had traversed almost the entire Java Sea alongside the destroyers Encounter and Pope, only to be located at 10:00 on 1 March by the heavy cruisers Myōkō and Ashigara and their escorting destroyers, and engaged in a two hour long gun battle which saw no hits scored on either side. Just before 12:00, the battle experienced Haguro and Nachi arrived on the scene and opened fire, and 4 minutes later Exeter was finally hit by an 8-inch (203 mm) shell that destroyed what was left of her boilers. Slowing to a stop, gunfire from the cruisers destroyed her electrical power and guns and set her on fire, leading to the crew scuttling Exeter. Almost entirely out of ammo, Haguro and Nachi finally withdrew, while the destroyers Kawakaze and Yamakaze bombarded Encounter, scoring hits that destroyed her steering gear and caused her to loose speed, and as Myōkō and Ashigara joined into the pounding, Encounter was sunk to overwhelming gunfire. Pope initially escaped, only to be crippled by aircraft from the light carrier Ryūjō and finished off by gunfire from Myōkō and Ashigara.

The end of ABDA fleet

With the complete destruction of Admiral Doorman's fleet across the battles of the Java Sea and Sunda Strait, plus the death of Doorman himself by the hand of Haguro's torpedo battery, ABDA fleet as a whole was completely disbanded, and there was one thing left for the remaining allied warships stuck in the Dutch East Indies-run. All of the former ABDA fleet warships desperately fled the crumbling Dutch East Indies in hopes of reaching the safety of Australia. Many reached the ports of Sydney and Darwin successfully; among these lucky ships were the only allied survivors to the Java Sea battle, the four American destroyers John D. Edwards, John D. Ford, Alden, and Paul Jones, which while underway encountered the Japanese destroyers Hatsuharu, Nenohi, Wakaba, Hatsushimo and after a brief gunfight which inflicted no damage to either side successfully escaped to Fremantle.

However, many were not as lucky, Japanese forces raced to hunt down and destroy any allied vessels attempting to hide, starting immediately after the battle of Sunda Strait when the Japanese destroyers Fubuki and Hatsuyuki located the Dutch oil tanker Augustina and the British minesweepers Rahman and Sin Aik Lee, sinking all three vessels without a fight. Simultaneously, land-based aircraft sank the seaplane tender USS Langley, while dive bombers from the aircraft carrier Sōryū sank the fleet oilier USS Pecos. and helped to sink the destroyer USS Edsall alongside gunfire from the battleships Hiei and Kirishima and the heavy cruisers Tone and Chikuma. Later, the destroyers Kasumi, Shiranui, and Isokaze sank the Dutch freighter Modjokerto, the destroyer Hayashio captured the Dutch cargo ship Speelman, then the destroyers Ushio, Sazanami, Amatsukaze, and Yukikaze sank the submarine USS Perch, and finally on 5 March the heavy cruiser Chikuma and the destroyer Urakaze sank the Dutch freighter Enggano.

Perhaps most notably was a mass raid conducted from 1-4 March by the heavy cruisers Takao, Atago, and Maya and the destroyers Nowaki and Arashi, which claimed 15 ships sunk or captured, known by Japanese sources as the battle of Tjilatjap, which started on the 1st when Nowaki and Arashi sank the Dutch cargo ships Tomohon and Pageri, then Takao, Nowaki, and Arashi sank the British minesweeper Scott Harley and the Dutch freighter Toradjo and captured the Dutch freighter Bintoehan. The next day, Takao and Atago sank the destroyer USS Pillsbury, while Maya, Nowaki, and Arashi sank the destroyer HMS Stronghold, while on the 3rd Nowaki and Arashi sank the gunboat USS Asheville. Finally on the 4th, all five ships raided a convoy destined for Australia, together sinking the sloop HMAS Yarra, the oil tanker Fancol, the depot ship Anking, and the minesweepers M-3 and M-51 and captured the freighters Duymaer van Twist and Tjisaroea.

Scuttling of the Dutch Navy

As the increasingly successful invasion of the Dutch East Indies began to reach the port of Surabaya, many Dutch ships still at anchor were not in a condition to escape the port. In order to prevent capture, some 50 Dutch ships were scuttled in Surabaya. Among these was the destroyer Witte De With, still damaged by air attacks. While many of these ships were salvageable enough for the Japanese to raise and repair them, the operation was very successful as most of their warships were either completely destroyed or unable to serve combat roles. However, it completely decimated the Dutch navy for the rest of the war, effectively ending its role in WW2 outside of a few surviving submarines which continued to operate with the US navy.

Consequences

The Battle of the Java Sea ended significant Allied naval operations in Southeast Asia in 1942, and Japanese land forces invaded Java on 28 February. The Dutch surface fleet was practically eradicated from Asian waters and the Netherlands would never reclaim full control of its colony. The Japanese now controlled one of the most important food-producing regions (Java), and by conquering the Dutch East Indies, Japan also controlled the fourth-largest oil producing area in the world in 1940.

The U.S. and Royal Air Force retreated to Australia. Dutch troops, aided by British remnants, fought fiercely for a week. In the campaign the Japanese executed many Allied POWs and sympathizing Indonesians. Eventually, the Japanese won this decisive battle of attrition and ABDA forces surrendered on 9 March.

Wrecks

As of 2002 the location of the wreck of only one of the eight ships sunk during the two so-called Java Sea Battles, HMS Jupiter, was known and plotted on an Admiralty chart. However, given her location in very shallow water so close to shore she had already been heavily salvaged.

In December 2002 the wrecks of HNLMS Java and HNLMS De Ruyter were discovered by a specialist wreck diving group aboard the dive vessel MV Empress. Empress then went on to discover the wrecks of HMS Electra in August 2003; HNLMS Kortenaer in August 2004; and HMS Exeter and HMS Encounter in February 2007. When discovered these wrecks were all in a very well-preserved state, save for battle damage. In late 2008, Empress discovered remnants of the last wreck, USS Pope, which had already been largely removed by illegal salvage diving operations.

Although the MV Empress team kept the locations of their discoveries secret, by 2017 all eight ships had been reduced to remnants or even entirely removed by illegal commercial salvage operations.'

References

• Morison, Samuel Eliot (2001) [1958]. The Rising Sun in the Pacific 1931 – April 1942, vol. 3 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Castle Books. ISBN 0-7858-1304-7.

Further reading

• Brown, David (1990). Warship Losses of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-914-X.
• Burchell, David (1971). The Bells of the Sunda Strait. Adelaide, Australia: Rigby.
• Cain, T. J. (1959). HMS Electra. London: Futura Publications.
• D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. ISBN 0-8159-5302-X.
• Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-097-1.
• Gill, G. Hermon (1957). "Chapter 15: Abda and Anzac". Royal Australian Navy, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 2 – Navy. Vol. I. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 848228.
• Gill, G. Hermon (1957). "Chapter 16: Defeat in Abda". Royal Australian Navy, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 2 – Navy. Vol. I. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 848228.
• Gordon, Oliver L. (1957). Fight It Out. William Kimber.
• Grove, Eric (1993). Sea Battles in Close-Up: World War II, vol. 2. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-7110-2118-X.
• Hara, Tameichi (1961). Japanese Destroyer Captain. New York & Toronto: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-27894-1. Firsthand account of the battle by the captain of the Japanese destroyer Amatsukaze.
• Holbrook, Heber (1981). U.S.S. Houston: The Last Flagship of the Asiatic Fleet. Dixon, CA, USA: Pacific Ship and Shore.
• Hornfischer, James D. (2006). Ship of Ghosts: The Story of the USS Houston, FDR's Legendary Lost Cruiser, and the Epic Saga of Her Survivors. Bantam. ISBN 0-553-80390-5.
• Hoyt, Edwin P. (1976). The Lonely Ships: The Life and Death of the Asiatic Fleet. New York: David McKay Company.
• Kehn, Donald M. (2009). A Blue Sea of Blood: Deciphering the Mysterious Fate of the USS Edsall. Zenith Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-3353-2.
• Lacroix, Eric; Linton Wells (1997). Japanese Cruisers of the Pacific War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-311-3.
• McKie, Ronald (1953). Proud Echo: The Great Last Battle of HMAS Perth. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.
• Parkin, Robert Sinclair (1995). Blood on the Sea: American Destroyers Lost in World War II. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81069-7.
• Payne, Alan (2000). HMAS Perth: The Story of a Six-Inch Cruiser, 1936–1942. Garden Island, NSW, Aus: The Naval Historical Society of Australia.
• Schultz, Duane (1985). The Last Battle Station: The Story of the USS Houston. St Martins Press. ISBN 0-312-46973-X.
• Spector, Ronald (1985). Eagle Against the Sun: The American War With Japan. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-394-74101-3.
• Thomas, David A. (1968). The Battle of the Java Sea. New York: Stein & Day. ISBN 0-330-02608-9.
• van Oosten, F. C. (1976). The Battle of the Java Sea (Sea battles in close-up; 15). Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-911-1.
• Visser, H. (September 2017). "Question 25/53". Warship International. LIV (3): 189–190. ISSN 0043-0374.
• Whiting, Brendan (1995). Ship of Courage: The Epic Story of HMAS Perth and Her Crew. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86373-653-0.
• Winslow, Walter G. (1984). The Ghost that Died at Sunda Strait. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-218-4. Firsthand account of the battle by a survivor from USS Houston.
• Winslow, Walter G. (1994). The Fleet the Gods Forgot: The U.S. Asiatic Fleet in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-928-X.

External links

• Niek Koppen (Director) (1995). Slag in de Javazee, De (The Battle of the Java Sea) (Documentary film). Netherlands: NFM/IAF. – 135-minute documentary of the battle. Won the "Golden Calf" award for "Best Long Documentary" at the 1996 Nederlands Film Festival.

• To the Java Sea: The Diary, Letters and Papers of Henry E. Eccles

• "CombinedFleet.com: Tabular history of Japanese ships involved in the battle". Archived from the original on 15 May 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2006.
• Vincent P. O'Hara. "Battle of the Java Sea: 27 February 1942 by Vincent P. O'Hara". Archived from the original on 12 April 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2006.
• "Battle of Sunda Strait: 28 February-1 March 1942 by Vincent P. O'Hara". Retrieved 31 May 2006.
• "Details on the battle and sunken ships from a diving site". Archived from the original on 30 April 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2006.
• "Details on the battle and the report from the captain of HMS Exeter". Retrieved 17 May 2006.
• "US Navy report of the battle from 1943". Archived from the original on 15 May 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2006.
• L, Klemen. "The Japanese Invasion of Dutch West Timor Island, February 1942". The Netherlands East Indies 1941–1942.
• "Navweaps.com order of battle". Archived from the original on 17 May 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2006.
• "Australian War Memorial description of the battle with some pictures". Archived from the original on 19 August 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2006.
• "Fall of the Dutch East Indies". Animated histories of Pacific battles of World War II. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 3 September 2006.
• United States Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific): Naval Analysis Division (1946). "Chapter 3: The Japanese Invasion of the Philippines, the Dutch East Indies, and Southeast Asia". The Campaigns of the Pacific War. United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved 20 November 2006.